James Joyces Trieste :: James Joyce Trieste Essays

And trieste ah trieste ate I my liver -- Finnegans WakeThe average traveler would not strain a point of staying long in Trieste -- Cooks HandbookThe idea was born underground, one February morning in the Paris Metro. Weaving through tunnels the color of fluorescent fixture light, we halted, stumbling over ourselves, before a yellowing tourism poster that was strangely symbolic amongst perfume advertisements and scrawled graffiti a fritter away of a violent fairy-tale, a photograph of a castle white and turreted, balanced upon a jagged cliff and reaching sharply towards the limits of a fierce, dark body of water, at the depths of which was inscribed once simple and mysterious word Trieste. We knew the word. We stopped short not for the incongruous beauty of a faded poster, but for the faded beauty of a fabled city James Joyces Trieste, where he wrote most of Dubliners, all of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, and much of Ulysses. Still I could discover the stark outline o f his words in my mind, still I could remember reading them for the commencement time in the white stillness of my bedroom, bound for Oxford the in truth next day, eyes squeezed tight in desperate gratitude, and yes, ecstasy, and above all, physical relief that as it turned out, reading is homogeneous this...and I thought tumefy as well him as another and then I asked him with my eyes to ask again yes and then he asked me would I yes to say yes my mountain summit and first I put my arms around him yes and drew him down to me so he could feel my breasts all perfume yes and his heart was going like mad and yes I said yes I will Yes. And then, nearly inseparable, simply, and in italics Trieste-Zrich-Paris, 1914-2 So that the word Trieste, gently italicized and right on the tail of Mollys final affirmation, becomes a part of the text an unknown place and an unknown noise, hissed sound silently, meditatively, a word that rests dream-like on the floor of ones mind, giving space, pause , to the nothingness that floods before thought someplace that must be somewhere in this world, but perhaps not as one has known it. Yes. Trieste, I said, and we went. It was not our first literary pilgrimage, or even our first Joycean pilgrimage. If you ask Jon why he decided to spend his junior year abroad at Trinity College, Dublin, he will first joke about his trouble with foreign languages, and next tell you about the excellent English department.

black and red drum :: essays research papers fc

Have you ever been angle before? Not fishing based on lucky casts with worms or a bobber but fishing based on knowledge of what the fish do under the waves. Ive been interested in fishing since the beginning of my time here on earth. tilt fascinate me, and catching them on rod and reel excites my inner primal being. I chose this topic to beat into the mind of the fish I aim to catch. I already know much about my quarry. I know that red grind away come in from the ocean to spawn in salt water back bays. I know that Black ram eat stuff off the ocean bottom. I also know that Red Drum get caught by anglers during their search of spawning territory. These are the few facts I know about Drum. I want to learn much more. I want to learn lavish to be called Ryan the Drum slayer. I wonder where drum go while in open ocean? I wonder where Drum spawn and wherefore they spawn there? I wonder how big the biggest Drum ever caught is? These questions and many more encircle my head. I hope i n reaching up and snatching a circling question, then settlementing it, I can become the greatest fisherman in the world.What is the scientific name of the Red and Black Drums? Well this answer is easy. The Red Drums scientific species name is Sciaenops ocellatus.(Red Drum in Texas). The Black Drums scientific species name is Pogonias cromis. (Black Drum in Texas).Where exactly do the fish live? The Black Drum is found in the Western Atlantic Ocean from Massachusetts coasts to Southern Floridian coasts. The Black Drum is found across the Gulf of Mexico an into North Mexican shores. The Black Drum rarely is found North of New Jersey (Schaltz, Ken Black Drum). Red Drum are found in the western Atlantic Ocean. They inhabit the coastal waters from the gulf of Maine to the Florida Keys and all of the gulf coasts to Northern Mexico. (Schaltz Red Drum). The Red drum are an estuarine-dependent fish that morphs into an oceanic fish later on in life. It can be found in briny water or saltwat er. It can be swimming above sand, mud, or weeds. It is found in weeds of shallow inlets, bays, tidal passes, bayous, and estuaries (Schaltz Red Drum). why the drum head out of their sheltered bays and into the ocean is a mystery.

NHL Players Moving West :: essays research papers

NHL Players Moving EastIt was deemed official this past weekend that the NHL will be on locktaboo due to the new salary cap the confederation wants to enforce. The players in the league have a different outlook this year as well and it involves moving east. Hockey players in the NHL get 75% of the tax income the league makes and it is very obvious that this current situation is not outlet to last. There is no way to fund the league if the players are making altogether of the money. So what happens now? Ratings are very low, the league is not m September 21, 2004 Current Events Paperarketable right now, and expansion has hurt rather than vul ratised many of the problems in the NHL. That is why the NHL is trying to come to an agreement to place a cap in the league in order to make several(prenominal) much-needed revenue. The players are not having this new idea, and they are now welcoming a different home.More than 150 players have gestural to play in the European leagues. Jarom ir Jagr has agreed to play in the Czech Republic for a team named Kladmo. Marcus Naslund has agreed to play in Sweden for Modo. Llya Kovalchuk has signed with AK Bars Kazan in Russia. These are bonnie a few names, but other players are already signed as well and are playing games as we speak. The Russian league has signed 33 NHL players, the Swedish league has signed 30 NHL players, the Czech league has signed 47 NHL players, and the Finnish and Slovakia leagues both signed nine NHL players apiece. So how outhouse this current situation be resolved? There are few options right now, which makes it seem like this is really going to hurt the league economically. to the highest degree of the players in the league have a lockout clause in their contracts making this problem easy for them to deal with. All they have to do is wait out this lockout while being involved with a different league and when the lockout is over they can automatically resume their previous positions in the NHL. This situation however, is not going to be resolved that easily. If the players do not agree to have a salary cap in the NHL then there is not quite an alternative. Where can the league make up this money? If there were a bigger demand for the sport than there would not be a problem.

Interview with Lenin :: Russian History

Interview with LeninQuestion What were the historic events that led up to revolution, and why did you become involved in revolution?Lenins answer To answer this question we have to go way back in 1812, when Napoleon came to Russia. Russian people stood up and fought against the invader by burning the villages and supplies, thus helping Czar Alexander I. After such sacrifice, people were not rewarded for their devotion to the Czar. In December of 1825 in St. Petersburg, Russia, a group of military officials staged a revolt against Tsar Nicholas I. These rebels were liberals who felt threatened by the new rulers conservative views. They were, however, defeated by the tsars forces. As a result of this revolt, Nicholas I implemented a variety of new regulations to prevent the cattle ranch of the liberal movement in Russia. My Brother - Alexander, and me, we organized the Union for the Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class. We have traveled around Europe and we saw that wholl y Europe was changing in the direction of Democracy. Russian Social Democratic Party in Switzerland came to conclusion that Autocracy and Czars are getting old. New and ascendent changes were needed. Czar, Alexander III, hanged my older brother,Alexander, for an alleged plot against him. I swore on his grave that I would avenge his death. Revolutions of 1905 and World War I also played a significant role on the My revolution in November.Q What is the main target you ask to achieve by revolting?A I want to nominate better place for regular working class people. I want to give them everything that they have wanted for so many years. I also want to end the war. The governing body is blind and cant see that people have ont understand why they are fighting and losing their fathers, brothers and sons. Q What kind of government will you set up after the revolution? A I want to set up socialism/communism. Central to the meaning of socialism is jet ownership. This means the resources o f the world being owned in common by the entire global population. I want to build the society whither individual dont own anything. People own everything.Q What is the difference between Red Army and White Army (both of them rob peasants)? A What we are facing here is a small economic precipice.

Complementary Medicine Formally Provided in HealthCare System Essay

antonymous and pick medicine (CAM) is a treatment or recuperate that is given additionally along with doctors care. There are many different CAMs such as acupuncture, hypnosis, yoga, massage and herbal therapy. They are in truth popular in Asia, especially among Chinese communities. However, the use of CAM is very limited in the health care system of many Western countries, including Canada, due to well-nigh(prenominal) reasons. In my point of view, it should be formally recognized and provided as a part of mainstream health care system. Firstly, people nowadays would prefer complementary and secondary medicine rather than conventional medicine. Secondly, the altitude of healthcare professionals has changed a lot, most of young physicians are now considering the use of CAMs into their practice. Finally, the government needs to regulate some of the CAM treatments so in order to promote the use of CAMs and create a better healthcare system.To begin with, there are four types of c omplementary and alternative medicine, which are categorized by Tataryn based on their own approaches (Kelner, Wellman, n.d.). While the first one is called Body, which focuses on diets, herbs and manipulation, the second type concentrates on thoughts and visions, called Body Minded. Body-Energy (Kelner, Wellman, n.d.). The leash type, is about acupuncture, cure by touch (Kelner, Wellman, n.d.). The last one is Body-Spirit, using faith and prayers to cure (Kelner, Wellman, n.d.). Researches are being conducted by experts to determine whether CAM is safe nice to be in use and its effectiveness. Having said that, it is never easy to conclude these benefits. Experts are having troubles with some treatments like prayer. Despite all of its limitation, Canada is still p... ...h 2014, from National circle round for Complementary and Alternative Medicine http//nccam.nih.gov/health/yoga/introduction.htmhed8Kelner, M. & Wellman, B. (2003). Complementary and Alternative Medicine How do we know if it works. Healthcare Paper 3(5). University of Toronto.McFarland, B., Bigelow, D., & Kaplan, M. (2002, October). Complementary and Alternative Medicine hold in Canada and the United States. American Journal Public Health, pp. 1616-1618.Sewitch, M. J., Cepoiu, M., Rigillo, N., & Sproule, D. (2008). A Literature Review of Health Care Professional Attitudes Toward Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine October, pp. 139-154.Ventola, C. L. (2010, August). Current Issues Regarding Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) in the United States. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, pp. 461-468.

Complementary Medicine Formally Provided in HealthCare System Essay

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is a treatment or cure that is given additionally along with doctors c ar. There are many different CAMs such as acupuncture, hypnosis, yoga, massage and herbal therapy. They are very popular in Asia, especially among Chinese communities. However, the use of CAM is very limited in the health care system of many Western countries, including Canada, receivable to several reasons. In my point of view, it should be formally recognized and provided as a part of mainstream health care system. Firstly, people nowadays would prefer completing and alternative medicine rather than conventional medicine. Secondly, the altitude of healthcare professionals has changed a lot, most of young physicians are now considering the use of CAMs into their practice. Finally, the government needs to set some of the CAM treatments so in order to promote the use of CAMs and create a better healthcare system.To begin with, there are four types of complementary and alternative medicine, which are categorized by Tataryn based on their own approaches (Kelner, Wellman, n.d.). While the first one is called be, which focuses on diets, herbs and manipulation, the second type concentrates on thoughts and visions, called Body Minded. Body-Energy (Kelner, Wellman, n.d.). The third type, is about acupuncture, cure by touch (Kelner, Wellman, n.d.). The last one is Body-Spirit, using faith and prayers to cure (Kelner, Wellman, n.d.). Researches are being conducted by experts to determine whether CAM is just enough to be in use and its effectiveness. Having said that, it is never easy to conclude these benefits. Experts are having troubles with some treatments like prayer. Despite all of its limitation, Canada is still p... ...h 2014, from content Center for Complementary and Alternative music http//nccam.nih.gov/health/yoga/introduction.htmhed8Kelner, M. & Wellman, B. (2003). Complementary and Alternative Medicine How do we know if it works. Health care Paper 3(5). University of Toronto.McFarland, B., Bigelow, D., & Kaplan, M. (2002, October). Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use in Canada and the United States. American journal Public Health, pp. 1616-1618.Sewitch, M. J., Cepoiu, M., Rigillo, N., & Sproule, D. (2008). A Literature Review of Health Care Professional Attitudes Toward Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine October, pp. 139-154.Ventola, C. L. (2010, August). Current Issues Regarding Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) in the United States. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, pp. 461-468.

Conventional Machining vs Non-Conventional Machining

lConventional Machining VS Non-Conventional Machining Conventional machining usually involves changing the shape of a workpiece using an implement made of a sullener real(a). exploitation accomplished methods to machine hard metals and alloys means increased demand of time and energy and therefore increases in costs in some cases conventional machining may not be feasible. Conventional machining also costs in terms of tool wear and in loss of quality in the product owe to induced residual stresses during manufacture.With ever increasing demand for manufactured goods of hard alloys and metals, such as Inconel 718 or titanium, more interest has gravitated to non-conventional machining methods. Conventional machining can be defined as a process using mechanical (motion) energy. Non-conventional machining utilises other forms of energy. The three main forms of energy use in non-conventional machining processes are as follows thermic energy Chemical energy Electrical energy One e xample of machining using caloric energy is laser. Thermal methods have many advantages over conventional machining, but there are a few of disadvantages. Inconel 718, titanium and other hard metals and alloys have a very high melting point. Using thermic methods will require high energy input for these materials. Concentrating heat onto any material greatly affects its microstructure and will normally cause cracking, which may not be desirable. Safety requirements for thermal methods, especially laser, are demanding in terms of time and cost. Machining large areas or many surfaces at the same time using thermal methods is not normally possible. The methods using electrical energy are electrodischarge machining (EDM) and nodic machining (AM), which are similar in practice. EDM, often refered to as spark erosion, uses pulsed voltage to remove material from a workpiece and a non-conductive medium to clear the debris. Because the medium is electrically inert the tool is a direct re verse of the workpiece and no complicated tool formula criteria are required. But the shock of spark erosion can affect the microstructure on the surface of the workpiece. Also, EDM has a lower material removal rate than AM. The chemicals used in AM are non-toxic and the energy required is less than other nonconventional machining processes.It has no effect on the microstructure of the workpiece. The electrolyte can even be common sea water, enabling AM to be used in a sub-sea capacity. The hardness and thermal resistivity of the workpiece material do not matter therefore hard metals and alloys can be machined using tools made from softer materials. The only disadvantage is that tool design is a little more complex than that of EDM, but software is be developed to make this easier. The controllability, environmental versatility, speed, safety and absence of change in workpiece microstructure make AM a competitive manufacturing process.

Speech Aboutlove

Speech astir(predicate) Love Love is known to be one of the most important human values. Everyone wants to grapple and to be loved Virtu aloney everyone is capable of this wonderful feeling. Love is of multifaceted nature. Sometimes because of it we may think that ourbeloved peoplehave qualities they really do not have. At the same time, thisfeelinghelps reveal all the positive features ofthe person we love. Only true love is able to change people for the better. It makes us for bear and find happiness in thehappiness of a beloved man or a woman.Therefore,loveis the most manifold and the most fertile human feeling. Sometimes love makes people do heroic things. Love chamberpot make life full of joy, fun and laughter. This feeling is able to give us a brand new life, help us gain new strengths and creative forces At the same time,love is a very complex feelingsince it is associated not only withtenderness and joy, but excessively with pain and tears. Everything is not as simple a s it may seem. That is why many writers analyze love withfalling into the abyss. We are all different and we all express our love in different ways.The very notion of love has a on the whole different meaning to different people. But we all love and wantto be loved, and we are all united by this desire. This is thegreatest miracle. Those who dont know whatlove is Speech on Dreams Have you ever wondered how dreams come about whether the BFG really existed? That this huge giant would stalk around at wickedness catching dreams to trap them into jars and blowing them into your ears to determine what sort of dreams you would have that night? Well, you testament find out very soon. Good morning to one and all.Today, I will be delivering a speech on the topic dreams. Im sure many of u here might find this topic strange. A speech? On dreams? You must be joking Some of u might scoff. But perhaps, after listening, you might realize it is actually quite interesting. Did you know it is possi ble that you can get rid of your fear of something in your dreams, and thats because the things we are afraid of during the daytime often turn up again in our nightmares. We can make full(a) use of this, however. It appears that some people deal with their daytime fears in their dreams.This was the case in the following example A woman was awfully afraid of spiders. In a dream a big spider was approaching her. The hairy crawler came nearer and nearer, until it touched her. But she felt quiet, and not afraid. Afterwards she detect that by day she was no longer afraid of spiders either. Sounds amazing? Well, this is not at all as mysterious as it sounds. Overcoming your fear in this way is as well as possible in your dream. Nightmares can be caused by some physical problem (a well known example is someone who dreams about fire and wakes up with a fever).Speech Friendship Friendship is when they push when you need it, but never too hard and stand back when the time is right but never too far and the true test of friendship is if youre willing to do it all back in a heartbeat. Its when your life is so much better because your know them and they bring out the best that lies within. Good morning fellow classmates and Mr. Hampton. Today I will be talking to you about friendship and the important role that it plays in our lives. People today, in all this new world technology and thinking have lost sight of what a true friendship is.No way do friends have to be exactly the same, I mean come on friends do have similarities but they also have their differences. The key to opening up the world of friendship is not just to focus on the similarities but to accept each others faults because true friends do not judge each other. Friends love unconditionally. They do have their little angry moments from time to time but at the end of the day all is forgiven and forgotten. Why let something that happened in the past ruin what great friendship you could have together in the

Change over Time Renaissance Essay

Because of the core ages and the crusades, the Renaissance and the humanistic art and literature and the Protestant Reformation and the splitting of the Catholic Church. Those triple ages brought upon important historical events which we all know and study. The Middle Ages and the crusades where first and then came the Renaissance with humanistic art and then the Protestant Reformation and the splitting of the Catholic Church.Middle Ages were one of the most destructive and important fourth dimensions in our history with the bubonic blight and the crusades. The bubonic plague was the cause of invading and sunburned living when mice and small fleas from a town where transported on to boat with survivors and brought to Europe. It came into Europe because of Mongol invaders, and it killed over 100 million of the worlds population. The crusades began their heavenly fight because of Pope urban urging the English and all his subjects to go out to war and recapture the holy land. -Aro und the 1400s after all the crusades and plague had gone by, the kings work had been done so his subjects were at peace and feudalism was through, so the cultural movement of middle ages(salvation) was gone and was replaced by a clean artistic movement called Humanism. Leonardo da Vinci was one of the most fascinating people of the 14th century as he was not only an artist but an inventor, a scientist, an engineer and a botanist among other things, he would often praise the human intellect to achieve things( as was the theme for this time period).Galileo Galilei is also fascinating as he is the first scientist to say the earth revolves around the sun, thus defying the word of god, which no one in the time of the Middle Ages would do as they wanted and believed that they had to work to get to heaven and never blaspheme the word of god. - - - -The Protestant reformation was a reforming act that was led by Martin Luther and many other early Protestants who thought that you should go t o heaven for your acts and not by working towards it unlike the past two ages. The ninety-five theses were written by Martin Luther and were 95 ideas on how to change the Christian church to make it sacred and unsecular again. Since the church only made slight changes to their rules, Martin Luther and his followers created protestism, If it was in the Middle Ages, Martin luther wouldve been slain, and if in the Renaissance he would have been shunned. - As These passages tell you there where major changes in Europe have shaped the way the world is today. The Middle ages , the Reniassance and the protestant reformation all made the world different . The crusades, humanistic art and ninety five theses are very important. -

Change models Essay

Scenario Planning Supplementing Traditional Strategic Planning It is progress to the rate of diverge in todays work environments has been aggravating with more emphasis present on small teams, incremental and rapid delivery, faster payback, and frequent pouch status reporting. This acceleration has instigated uncertainty that forced organisations to start supporting their strategic planning with a longer term perspective of planning called scenario planning or scenario thinking/analysis. Scenario Read more(prenominal)A Simple Method to Split a WordPress Post into Multiple Pages One of the most potent ways to step-up the number of page views and decrease the bounce rate of your site is by splitting your long posts into several pages. In the first part of the article, you will hear in 2 steps how to split a post in WordPress using the codex function wp_link_pages() and the tag. In the second Read More Boosting Your WordPress ranks Performance By Enabling GZIP Compression Eve r heard of GZIP? It is a simple software application that compresses/decompresses files based on an algorithm named DEFLATE.It works by finding similar strings in a text file and replacing them temporarily to make the overall file size smaller which would drastically improve the performance of your website. The algorithm perfectly works with CSS and HTML filetypes which typically Read More Improving Quality of plan Estimation It is clear that estimating a retch is important for the project manager to determine how long the project would take, to figure out how much the project would cost, to decide whether the project is outlay doing, to measure variances against the baseline plan, and to take corrective actions.However some project managers nowadays tend to put minimum effort Read More Avoiding joint Pitfalls of High Performance Project Teams Previously in one of my earlier articles, I discussed the key qualities required for a project manager to be effective in building a h igh performance project team. Believe it or not, though high performance project teams can produce unconvincing outcomes, in that respect still remain some serious pitfalls that project managers need to be aware of in order not to fall victims Read More Contract Management Must-Knows For Project ManagersContract management constitutes a major component of a project procurement system. Most work done nowadays on projects involves dealing with contracts or has a contractual nature. Although some companies have purchasing departments that specialize in procurement, one of the basic knowledge and skills of a project manager is to be able to read and manage contracts. This post basically discusses Read More Understanding And Managing Your Boss The idea of managing your boss may level-headed quite unusual for some managers, considering the widespread adoption of the traditional top down managementapproach in most organizations. Even though happy and aggressive managers nowadays care fully control and administer their subordinates, services, and products, they might split, on the other hand, a passive stand with their bosses (Gabarro and Kotter 1993). Read More Changes in Project Management Processes Between PMBOK 4 And PMBOK 5 This post presents a tabulated summary of differences in the names, inputs, tools, and outputs of project management processes between PMBOK 4 and PMBOK 5.Note that terms in Red which exist in PMBOK 4 have been removed or replaced in PMBOK 5, terms in Blue have been newly added into PMBOK 5, and terms in Black have not Read More Critical Analysis of Porters Five Forces Model Information Technology (IT) Industry In order to appropriately formulate their corporate strategies and distinctively compete in the market, organizations are in a need for a framework that would help them in understanding industry structure and in overcoming rivalry. This essay aims at discussing, analyzing, and criticizing Porters Five Forces model using a wide variety of pedantic literature.The first part introduces the model, discusses Read More Key Qualities For An Effective Project Manager This post describes key qualities needed for an effective project manager. It discusses the differences between stellar(a) and managing a project, explains the importance of managing stakeholders, describes how to gain influence by reciprocity, stresses on the significance of leading by example and managing by wandering around (MBWA), explores how to deal with the irrelevant nature of work, and finally Read More 12345678910 Home Change Management Change Management Diagnostic Models Case Study Jamies Food alteration Change Management Diagnostic Models Case Study Jamies Food Revolution April 14th, 2012 Leave a comment Go to comments This essay presents trinity diametric diagnostic models that serve as a change management guidance for organizations by helping them in considering what factors are important for this change and how these factors are coordinated together (Nadler and Tushman 1980).The main purpose of these models is to help in reducing the complexness of the change situation by identifying what change variables require attention by the organization, what rate of activities to adopt in dealing with the change situation, and how the various organizational properties are interconnected (Ian Palmer 2009). The essay compares and contrasts Burke-Litwin, Six-Box Weisbord, and congruity models, pinpoints their strengths and weaknesses, and then applies one of these models to the case study Jamies Food Revolution.The first organizational and causal model to be discussed is the Burke-Litwin model. The strength of this model lies on the fact that it consists of twelve key variables, at three different organizational levels (external environment, leadership, strategy, and culture at the total system level structure, management practices, systems and climate at the group or work unit level and tasks, motivation, needs , and values at the individual level)(Burke and Litwin 1992).The variables on the top have a stronger influence on systems than the bottom variables (Leadersphere 2008). The model is based on an open systems pattern whereby it considers the external environment as an input and the organization performance as output with a bidirectional feedback between them (Jackie Alexander Di 2002).What makes this model unique is that it houses swell-nigh all of the variables considered in the 7-S, Six-Box Weisbord and Congruence models (Burke and Litwin 1992) and it also stresses on the point that changes can lead to transformational organization-wide (leadership, strategy, and mission) as well as internal transactional (management, structure, system, individual needs, tasks) drivings which totally affect individual and organization performance (Jackie Alexander Di 2002).Burke and Jackson (1991) demonstrated the scenario of a successful merge between two companies, SmithKline and Beecham, whi ch concentrated on establishing a unique culture with a loose-tight behavioral leadership, and on adopting a customized Burke-Litwin model to increase its performance. This model however may impose some complexity in its usage.Dana (2004), in her study to apply this model to a quality management system, has limited her research to specific variables for this model because of the big amount of data required to be gathered on each variable. Also, a quantitative study done by Jackie Alexander Di (2002) on the models variables failed to reveal the hidden communication variable, which shows that this model may not foresee all organizational problems. The second model to be discussed is the one developed by David Nadler and Michael Tushman, the Congruence model.Like the Burke-Litwin model, the pragmatic Congruence model is based on the open systems principle (input environment, transformation, output)(Nadler 1982) and deals with the organization as a whole dynamic and social system where the purpose lies in realizing the state of congruence among the various subparts or components of the organization (Nadler and Tushman 1980). The measure of organizational effectiveness depends on the total ground level of congruence as a normative approach to ensure fit among these components (Hatton and Raymond 1994).Nevertheless adopting this model is dynamic (should be changed with time) and poses a lot of challenges including the management of semipolitical dynamics, the anxiety created by the change, and the control of the transition state (Nadler and Tushman 1989). Additionally, it requires special care to ensure appropriate fit between strategy and environmental conditions, as well as among the four organizational components (work, people, formal structures and process, and informal structures and processes).Burke Litwin (1992) state that the number of items to be matched for congruence is great and the Congruence model fails to provide a mechanism for determining which o f these items are important and what level of congruence yields desirable results. For further help, several studies have presented major efforts to discuss strategies to attain the maximum congruence. Hatton and Raymond (1994) reason with several postulates that describe how congruence can be achieved by interrelating together specific dimensions of these key variables (environment, strategy, technology, task, structure, and individual).Also, Nadler and Tushman (1989), in their view of organizations as political systems, posit that there is no general way for dealing with change. They stressed that managers should understand these political dynamics of change by diagnosing the organizations strengths and weaknesses, developing a clear vision, creating energy within teams, and possessing active leadership, thus achieving the congruence between strategy and environmental conditions, as well as among the four organizational components.

Causality and New Town

Cause and Effect Of Moving The puts of moving to a new town or urban center Nowadays, as a result of looking for better conditions of life many hoi polloi have been moving from their own city to another city or country. nation in all over the world are developing the necessity of find their happiness, education and a better work. Moving to a new town or city can bring some negatives and positives effects to the person who is moving. The first effect of moving to a new town or city can be found in educational life.Since mint are looking to a better education, they move to a country that can bring in them the possibility of be a good professional. For example, in Angola my country, if you want find a great job you have to have an international certificate. This means that the quite a little who are living in another country have more possibility to achieve the work. Some cadences the companies on my country prefer consider mountain who are from another country. In short, I am the exactly example because I moved from my country to U. S.A to look for a spectacular certificate. The second effect of moving to a new town or city can be found in psychologist state of a person. For example, when I arrived here I had some mental problems because always I was thinking about my family that I left in Angola. A person who is homesick suffers the consequences alone and thinks a covey about the family that is away from her. In my opinion, think about the family who people left causes serious problem and the person cannot concentrate on her real objective there.In addition, people have to be strong and control all their feelings when they are in another town. The third effect of moving to a new town is that people spend a vision of money. To start a new life sometimes because of work or studies when people move they spend a lot of money with car, house, and school until adjust the new life with the new city. Starting a new life is kind of complicated because at first time you dont have where buy and find everything.

Example of school report for facilities Essay

I am writing regarding an article published in your magazine last week entitiled I strongly disagree with the writer for a number of reasons.see moreimportance of school facilitiesFirstly, as Socrates wrote, execute makes the man. However, in Platos Dialectics he argued that, on the contrary, one must be possessed of sufficient rest toSecondly, I believe that we need to recharge our batteries in order to have the energy to work efficiently. For example, as an IB student I have so much work to do with CAS, ToK, Extended Essays and all the other portfolios, fieldwork, intimate assessments, oral exams that I cannot devote enough attention to one alone. Instead, with exams today I am left tired and unmotivated. If I do not have time to relax and unwind, I cannot possibly do the work properly. Therefore leisure is necessary for doing a good job in whatever field.Lastly,In conclusion,Yours Faithfully,ZorgLast Friday I went to the liquid pool the school said it owned originally I mov ed here to see what it was equal. Well, guys, heres my scoreSize- The size is its biggest asset. It is an Olympic-Sized pool which will allow all you fat, physically challenged pre-IB kids to get in shape for 2008. In fact, it also is designed to accommodate disabled children like you Vincent. Even during the weekend its open with enough room for you to play with your parents, grandparents, and all the uncles currently staying with you.PriceThe pool is expensive (if you buy tickets from the school) but in that respect is a discount card for students which gives 15% to orphan children suffering from Bird Flu.Location-Perfectly sited near an industrial dump. Is a problem because it was nuclear industry before the swimming pool located in that respect, so radiation sometimes forces the pool to close on smoggy days. The road is new- its being built pay off now.Facilities- There is a change room in 21st Century Hotel which is a problem in winter. The showers work but the water is gr eenish and cold. Finally, there is no chlorine in the water so it smells and has algae on the surface. The sauna is equipped with coal but there is no ventilation so get a tan but die of suffocation.Happy Hour- With new management, the owners have now added a bar to the pool allowing you to be totally relaxed swimming in the deep end or jumping off the diving board. Free drinks every time you jumpDoctors- After this new facility, trained health check staff are on standby with dogs trained to swim and rescue disabled children.I highly recommend this pool because it is the only one in Chaoyang apart from the pond behind Annies restaurant (during the rainy season).

Castlebridge

December 01, 2010 Case Study Analysis 70 Castlebridge, a maker of gamey-quality outerwear, located in London is at a cross thoroughfares. Although its headquarters operates from London, most of its manufacturing has moved offshore. With the last domestic factory slated to close, the substantials executives struggle to preserve the Britishness of the leaf blade. On the other hand, the troupe has to reduce costs to remain profitable. It seems that moving production offshore is inevitable. The executives believe that Castlebridge should come clean about it.In a humans where stakeholders matter more than ever, the firm cant just outperform competitors. It has to go above and beyond to satisfy their constituents. Therefore, the CEO Mary Crane asserts that the plant closure is a logical step. Reputational risk is a concern as well as brand image. The majority of the customers who purchase Castlebridge items atomic number 18 wealthy. They pride themselves in wearing high class Britis h fashions. The party fears that Asian manufacturing tags will diminish consumer confidence in quality and authenticity. The CEO wants to take the logical approach where the objective of any firm is to maximize profits.By not doing so, the firm will lose out to the competitors and will continue to face rising production costs in keeping up with consumer preferences. She holds Fergus Harold accountable for creation overly nationalistic and even rather ignorant to the status of British clothing make in Malaysia and its effect on a Japanese consumer. Her unembarrassed perception indicates that backlash would be from local purchasers whose confidence may be undermined by the outsourcing of a classy British brand to a third world country. Furthermore, it is well pointed out that the CEO does not feel threatened by British media.Supposedly she sees that production line workers are of the lower working class whereas buyers of Castlebridges products of are of the wealthier class. Castleb ridge simply cannot survive in their high cost market by maintaining its production lines within the UK. Labor cost is just too expensive. Trade unions pass on become cleverer with their protests and could potenti bothy be a thorn in their side. The company needs to make a decision soon. The British public has been down this road before, as have foreign consumers of British products. I agree with the CEO that cost cutting measures need to be implemented.There is no need to maintain high production costs and place burden upon the shareholders of the company. If the British public has been down this path before then there should be no problem. If the firm shines faint on its native roots and its international production, it could establish a winning reputation as a truly modern, global brand. However, the customers sentiment is very important. The brand image is highly regarded and maintaining the class, quality and authenticity is just as important as running the risk of a complete closure and a stoppage of business.Could Castlebridge hire foreign employees to work in the U. K? Could wages be scaled down to keep in line with profit margins? Maybe these alternatives should be considered. Otherwise, the real risk to the brand could be the potential loss of its high-class distinction and not its national identity. Before making a firm decision, all alternatives should be considered. As a member of the Board of Directors, Ferguson should have the conscientiousness to advise the company to rediscover and recommit to the core values that have made them so successful.Should the CEO go through with moving its production facilities offshore, he could recommend a trust-building people strategy, modeled by the CEO, which emphasizes forthright communication from focal point to the employees as well as the opinions of its customers. In doing so, the company will be compliant with its corporate culture and stakeholders. The last thing Castlebridge needs is to have its em ployees and customers reject the principles of this outerwear line. With that being said, the company can continue to enjoy the success it has had.

Digital Signal Processing

The concept of digital call attention addressing has been widely used these days, as it has provided many an otherwise(prenominal) benefits to the users with its potential of converting analog signals into digital signals to facilitate the process of transmission. The encoding techniques argon available which were developed after a comprehensive research to support and enable the transmission of digital signals to meet the user requirements. Apart from that, the process of ramification of any signal into many oftenness bunchs where ever set has been digit tout ensemble in ally encoded by itself is termed as sub-band coding. Furthermore, it is better to encode lower frequency band with more silicon chips than the elevateder frequency bands because the lower frequencies postulate most of the speech energy. Sub-band coding method is mainly used to solve this particular problem. This paper depicts the benefits and the magnificence of sub-band coding, as well as it explains the blackguards involved in performing sub-band coding.The method of sub-band coding has been widely practiced for the purpose of transmitting digital signals. For efficient signal encoding this particular method has provided many benefits. Moreover, sub-band coding has overly been used for many years in audio industry for high smell digital audio transmission. At first, on that point is only one signal available which is then subdivided in many military issues of smaller sub-bands where every atomic flesh 53 number composed of a fractioned spectral of the developed spectrum from that actual signal. This process of dividing signal into sub-band will further assist each band to be alter through and through and through distinct number of bits for every take, and further every single band is classified check to its step size. By performing the above process resulted in a finer signal role (Proakis and Manolakis, 2007).After complemental the above process, it will outright be possible to encode every single band separately according to the undermentioned set of steps. The starting step of the digital signal processing is to put one over the filtering required for the signal, which might be a high snuff it or a low gag signal. The purpose of filtering is to avoid the noise linked with the signal. The frequency of noise associated with the signal tush be high or low, depends upon the actual signal requirement. Apart from that, to reduce the sub-band sampling rates, filters are used to minimize the bit rate in the signal encoding process. This method helps to reduce the signal on every band from a factor of deuce in sampling rate, which suggests that every second sample must be taken from the signal in the process of digital signal processing (Crochiere, 1981).Furthermore, the above step can be elaborated as if the signal is x0-6, the samples taken from this would be x0, x2, x4, and x6. The major reason of sampling through this method is to make s ure that the reduced number of samples which would be quantized based on the following phase, which makes the quantization step to be as efficient and as quick as possible.The next step includes the quantization of signal on each band. In this process of quantization involves quantization noise to all the bits that are going to be sampled. However, at the receiving end, all those signals which are acquired from the process of quantization are to be sampled from the factor of two. By doing this method if the input signal is x0-6, the create signal would now results in x0, x2, x4, x6. through with(predicate) performing this step, the identical number of samples before stack sampling would be obtained where every substitute sample was missing (Veldhuis, Breeuwer, and Van Der Wall, 1989).The following step in the process of sub-band coding is to apply filters on all signals located at every single band where every filter should be of same vitrine which are used in the previous step s. Moreover, all filters are now used to lessen the number of sub-band sampling rates. These signals already moved through the quantization and the up and down sampling stages which results in puritanical mode of decoding (Schaffer and Rabiner, 1973).The final step requires amalgamating the signals from many sub-bands to achieve the output signal and to produce an change version of the input signal. The following equation shows that there is only one band available from the two bands that will move in the equivalent process.X1 (z) is the signal on the transmitting end, which was acquired after moving from the H1(z) also known as the high-pass filter which isX1 (z)= x1 (0)+ x1 (1) z-1+ x1 (2) z-2+ x1 (3) z-3 _____ 1X1 (-z)= x1 (0)- x1 (1) z-1+ x1 (2) z-2- x1 (3) z-3 _____ 1AIt is therefore proved that Z-transformed is actually a result of brief a high pass filter to the signal which is the actual input xn. X1 (z)= X (z) H1(z) _____ 2The down sampling has been performed by the fact or of two on the signal which is originally X1 (z) will now be presented by Y1(z) signal as shown in the following equationY1(z) = y1 (0)+ y1 (1) z-1+ y1 (2) z-2+ y1 (3) z-3 _____ 3Y1(z) = x1 (0)+ x1 (2) z-1+ x1 (4) z-2+ _____ 4The equation 4 mentioned above, explains that the down sampling effect has removed every single alternate sample available.However, at the other end signals that were previously up sampled, will now be considered as U1(z) at which every single alternate sample is equal to zero value.U1(z) = u1 (0)+ u1 (1) z-1+ u1 (2) z-2+ u1 (3) z-3 U1(z) = y1 (0)+0+ y1 (1) z-2+ 0+y1 (2) z-4+ U1(z) = y1 (0)+ y1 (1) z-2+ y1 (2) z-4+ from 4 U1(z)= Y1(z2)U1(z) = x1 (0)+ x1 (2) z-2+ x1 (4) z-4+ x1 (6) z-6 U1(z) = (X1(z)+X1(-z))/2 = X(z) H1(z)+X(-z) H1(-z)/2__5Besides, the U1(z) signal now move towards the next high pass filter which is K1(z) which is positioned at the receiving point and specified asV1(z)= U1(z) K1(z) = K1(z) X(z) H1(z) )+X(-z) H1(-z) 6Furthermore, the final ou tput signal will now be created after each sub-band output is added which results in the subsequent equationX_out(z)=V1(z)+ V2(z)X_out(z)= K1(z) X(z) H1(z) )+X(-z) H1(-z) + K2(z) X(z) H2(z) )+X(-z) H2(-z) .X_out(z)= H2 (z) H2 (-z) X(z).When the final output is obtained, to make equation more expressive, it will now be altered into the frequency domain of w from the resulted Z domain, which will now be express in the following mannerX out(w)= H2 (w)- H2 (w-p) X(w).X out(w)= e-jw(m-1) Hr2 (w) e-j(m-1)(w-pi) Hr2 (w-p) X(w).In the above equation, m represents that even number which measures the length of the filter.After completing the above procedure, the next phase requires experimentation which includes the implementation of sub-band coding that can be accomplished through two methods. The first method of experimentation is MATLAB, which requires the theory section to be followed from the same phases outlined. There is a file named as subband.dat is provided from the input sig nal in this particular method. This file consists of many values which expresses the file regarding the capacity of the signal in a given time. Moreover, H2(z) was also given as the coefficients of the low pass filters (Croisier, 1974).It is also suggested that the high pass filters H1(z) are used with the low pass filters K2(z) which creates relationship among the filters explained belowH1(z) = H(z), H2(z)= H(-z), K1(z)= 2H(z) and K2(z)= -2H(-z).Apart from that, there is one more value known as the SNR value that is required for the process of quantization where every single value of Q1 will be computed through the following equationSNRdB= xi(n)2 / (xi(n)- xo(n))2 . Where the limits of the summation is from n=0 to N-1.The next method for the implementation of the sub-band coding used is called C6711. It is a device that works as a converter and facilitate users in converting software implementations into the physical results. On the other hand, CRO is used on which the output wil l be connected for the verification of results. Moreover, the sine wave is also generated through connecting the frequency generator to the C6711 device (Rabiner and Gold, 1975).Finally, the results generated through MATLAB for the sub-ban coding reveals that before performing any find of modifications on the signal, it extremely requires the plotting of input signal. Apart from that, result has also shown that the low pass and high pass filters of sub-bands were moved towards an crosswalk point which exactly equals to 0.5 rad/sample.The SNR values used in the process of quantization of distinct number of bits reached at a highest level of 16.5dB at the 5th bit. On the other hand, the SNR value has been calculated for 4 bit PCM system was almost 13.2dB. The value suggests that there is a 0.5dB variation from the value computed at the out bit which is 12.7 dB and is acceptable after the comparison. However, the resulted output signal appeared on the CRO is quite similar to the inp ut signal which explains that as the frequency increases the output signal will move towards zero (Kuester and Mize, 1973).After reviewing the entirely process, it is concluded that the sub-band coding is a method to encode the input signal successfully with maximum efficiency. The two methods used in the process known as MATLAB and C6711 endorse the theory presented in the preceding sections which are considered as valid and reliable.

Z Score

MN 215 A & B October 02, 2012 Z ranks, Z block outs and t Tests Overview and Review At the beginning of the course we learned that thither atomic number 18 devil branches of statistics, namely, parametric and non-parametric. more over we learned that parametric statistical processes argon broken down into two other categories, namely descriptive statistical processes and illative. We learned also that descriptive statistics ( cockeyed, mode, median, measuring deviation, and frequencies) are exclusively to be apply to advert the characteristics of the information rather than draw deaths of crystalise inferences from the bar data collected.However, the importance of descriptive statistics can non be undermined as they form the basis for the workings of inferential statistical processes especi all toldy the implicate. In data analysis single of the most grievous concepts to remember is that regardless of the topic or issue come throughence investigated all is estab lish on the reckon of a data set. Although we can non draw conclusion or firebrand predictions from descriptive statistics their utility program in inferential statistics is strong.As stated inferential statistics is a branch of statistics that is utilise in making inferences roughly traits or characteristics of a greater commonwealth on the basis of savor measurement data. The primary design of inferential statistics is to leap beyond the measurement data at hand and make inferences about a greater population. Take for example a psychologist who is interested in knowing whether a new demeanor modification employment provide likely be a seller in a true market area.Knowing that the entire consumer population cannot be queried as to market acceptance, the psychologist would select a representative take in for the area, administer whatever measurement instrument is necessary to garner the data and, on the basis, of the take data results, see whether or not the new pro duct will be profitable. The statistic make use of to determine whether or not the taste is representative of the entire market population would be an inferential statistics.When victimisation inferential statistical processes to generate information in hallow to make predictions about a tumidr population the chosen sample must(prenominal) always be on the basis of random selection or random assignment. Without random sampling or random assignment the mathematical levers received by way of the statistical analysis are in err. Or, another way of putting is to severalise that the results would be Lies, damn lies about the data examine. For convenience purposes throughout the remainder of this course the following symbols will be apply most extensively.Statisticians, regardless of area, use English earn to denote sample statistics and Greek letters to symbolize population parameters. NameSample StatisticPopulation Parameter _ basebornX (mu) VarianceSD? ? 2 (sigma squared) cadence DeviationSD ? (sigma) Correlationr ? (rho) Proportionp ? (pi) Regression Coefficient b ? ( beta)? ? When trying to arrive at conclusions that extend from the measurement data al cardinal, inferential statistics are the data analysis tools of choice.For example, inferential statistics are utilise to infer from the sample data to the larger population data or when there is an need to make judgments of the luck that an observed disagreement mingled with groups is an accurate and dependable one and not those that happened by disaster alone. In order too accomplish that which inferential statistics were designed two models are available melodic theme dischargeing and hypothesis mental testing. In the estimation model the sample measurement data is utilise to think a parameter (population) and a confidence interval about the estimate is created.The confidence interval is fundamentally the range of value that has a high likelihood of containing the parameter. The paramete r is a numerical value that measures or so part or the population measurement tally or values. The second use of inferential statistical processes is in hypothesis testing. The most common manner in which a hypothesis is tested is by developing what is commonly called a straw man which is what a shadowy hypothesis is call when flavour at a situation where in the research police detective wants to determine if the data collected and analyzed is strong enough to reject the null or straw man hypothesis.Always remember that a null hypothesis is stated that no differences, effects or relationships will occur between and or amongst the events, occurrences, phenomenon, items, or situations universe evaluated and measured as a result of some variable. A simple example of a stock null hypothesis would be something like the following There exists no statistically prodigious difference between widgets made of alloy A and those made of Alloy B in foothold of tinsel strength acceptabili ty. Data Requirements When Using Inferential Statistics.Thinking back to the first part of the course we learned that statistical processes must use certain forms of numeric measurement data and this data is expressed as nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio. For descriptive statistics (frequencies and measures of central tendency) it is nominal data that is used. For inferential statistics the measurement data types to be used are either interval or ratio. However, in the social sciences and worry arenas ordinal data is a great deal times treated like interval. This is particularly true when studies attempt to assess situations by way of a Lickert scale.For convenience and review the scale presented below will help to clarify the differences between the four scales of measurement discussed earlier in the course. Indications Indicated Direction ofIndicates Amount of Absolute Difference Difference Difference Zero NominalX OrdinalX X IntervalX X X RatioX X X On the basis of the infor mation contained in the table higher up the following two conditions apply when victimization inferential statistical processes * Participants selected for participation in a force field should be selected randomly. If sampling is not random, then biases occur and contaminate the accuracy of the findings. The most commonly used inferential statistics that behavioral research uses are those statistical processes that provide for the determination of relationships (correlations), differences and effects between and amongst that which is being measured or evaluated. The specific tests used are the Pearson Correlation Coefficient, Chi Square, Student t Test, analysis of variance (Analysis of Variance), and regression. All of these techniques not only require the use of a null hypothesis but fencesitter and dependent variables as nearly. Z ScoresCalculating the Z Score for Research Purposes. One of the most often used statistical processes in the behavioral sciences is the Z Score. W hat a Z Score accomplishes is in taking a raw measurement value or score and transforms it into a ensample form which then provides a more meaningful description of the individualist scores within the distribution. This transformation is based on companionship about the populations mean and commonplace deviation. Take for example an educational psychologist who is interested in determining how individual students are comparing to the overall group of students with admiration to grades.As we have learned before raw scores alone cannot provide insightful information to the psychologist how well an individual student is actioning. However, what the psychologist can easily do is place a Z Score for each student and determine whether or not an individual student is functioning to a higher place or below the mean grade of all students together. When determining the agreement of each individual, the Z Score permits the psychologist to calculate how many exemplification deviation s, or the distance, each student is in a higher place or below the mean grade of all students together.If there is an academician standard the psychologist is using as a comparative base a diametrical statistical formula is used compared to the formula ask when comparing individual performance to a local sample of student. The formulas for each are presented below. Comparing man-to-man to Population Standard Comparing Individual to Sample Standard The construction of the two formulas is the comparable with the expulsion that one uses the mean and standard deviation of a population and the other of a sample.What is very important to remember, especially for the psychologist, is that comparing an individual to a local academic setting may have on the whole different results when the resembling student is compared to the perseverance standard. Although this might appear to be a dilemma, it is actually a possible blessing in disguise. Take for example the aforementioned(preno minal) psychologist compares all his students rate of academic success in a local facility and determines they are all functioning well supra clean, or above the mean, in their grades.What happens if the same students are compared to an academic standard and the results show their grade is well below the industry standard or population mean? The conclusion careworn is, therefore, that the students, although having grades are not in line with other educational facilities and corrective programming to increase the performance rate must ensue. For ease of understanding let us look at a business situation. caseful. Suppose an employee is producing 3. 5 widgets per mo and the sample average number of widgets per hour is 2. 3 with a standard deviation of 0. 33. The Z Score would be calculated as follows X = raw score X bar = mean s = standard deviation From this we can conclude that the employees widget business rate per hour of 3. 5 lays 1. 73 standard deviations above the mean. We can conclude further that this employee is function above the mean all others together on the yield line in terms of widget yield and that the employee is doing bust than 95% of the other employees and only 5% of the total employees are producing more widgets.NOTE The percentages are easily shew on the back of the very last page of your textbook book. As stated earlier discourage must be exercised when drawing conclusions about a single business sample as the statistical information garnered might not be representative of industry standards. Looking at the same employee on an industry standard basis the information might possibly be different. Taking the same employee with an average widget production rate of 3. 5 widgets per hour with a hypothetical population or industry standard mean of 4. 9 and a population standard deviation of 1. 15 the results would be as follows using the formula stated above X = Employee raw production score = Population standard mean ? = Population st andard deviation Z = (3. 5 4. 79) / 1. 15 = -1. 12 What can be readily seen by way of the negative value Z Score is that the employee fall outs below the standard industry mean with respect to the number of widgets produced in one hour. Concluding further we can say that this employee standing is surpassed by 64% of the entire population workforce for he preclude company. Needless to say, the coach extendulate to take a serious look at the quality of workers in his/her kit and caboodle. Interpreting the Z Score for Research Purposes. When using Standard Z Scores one must always remember that comparisons are made between individual measurement values and sample or population mean values. At no time can a one use Z Score values to make predictions or drawn inferences about any get aroundn situation. To accomplish this, inferential statistical processes must be used.The value of the Z Score lies in the idea that individual tracking is necessary and trends can be plotted. Also , one must always keep in psyche that X values do not have to be simple individual raw scores but can also hypothecate any investigative variable the researcher chooses to investigate. Z Test When to use the Z Test over the t Test in Research. Although both the Z test and the t test are used in research decision hypothesis testing each is used under a different set of circumstances than the other. The primary distinction between the two lies in the sample surface requirement.Where t tests can be used for littler samples the Z Test cannot and is, therefore, reserved for sample situations that are larger. Both, however, perform the same function, namely to determine whether or not there are differences between the samples being evaluated or comparisons between sample and population measurements. In addition both the Z and t tests make use of the mean scores for raw measurement data when calculating differences. Presented below are some examples of using both the Z test and t test in business today. Z Test A product safety engineer wants to investigate the average number of possible defective products in ecumenic production. A sample is drawn sample (in excess of 30) and mean of the sample is compared to the population mean for evaluation. * Z Test A psychologist wants to investigate whether or not a 10 hour shift will record more safety accidents in product production compared to the company wide population standard of eight hour shifts. * Z Test A human resource omnibus wants to investigate whether or not a new employee educate program will increase production numbers company wide. t Test A psychologist wants to investigate whether or not the sample of 20 line employees of full treatment A are producing a crucially greater number of products than the sample of 20 employees of lay out A. * t Test A consumer product safety manager wants to investigate whether or not his undersized profligate is producing an equal number of safe products compared to th e industry standard. * t Test A human resource manager is interested in knowing if customer do skills of employees in department A are the same as in department B.What is most important to remember is that both the t and Z tests are formulated to arrive at the same conclusion but under different sampling conditions. grasp in mind as well that the Z test is used when the population mean is known. In addition when using a t test with a small sample base it is fake the distribution of the data is commonplace however, in larger samples the distribution does not have to be normal and a Z test can be used for comparative purposes. Further, in both situations the samples drawn must be on a random basis.The unfortunate limitation of both tests is in the concomitant that neither permit any conclusions to be drawn if not differences are found between the sample means or sample and population mean. However, one must always keep in mind that Z and t tests are basically the same as they com pare two means to determine whether or not both samples come from the same population. Calculating the Z Test. The example presented below not only provides you with a formula for both population mean testing but sample mean testing as well.What must be closely watched is the effect on sample size with respect to any resulting Z value Remember that the Z test requires a large sample and should a small sample be used the resulting Z value is contaminated. Formula Sample vs. PopulationSample vs. Sample __ __ __ Z = / Z = X1 X2 N 2(1/N + 1/N) Example Sample vs. PopulationSuppose a product manager is interested in knowing if the number of faulty rinse mechanisms being produced in his/her plant in August is indicative of the over-all number of washing machines produced in all plants during the month of August. The product manager draws two samples from his/her assembly line a sample of 10 and a sample of 100. The example being created is to show how the size of the sample bears direct ly on the resulting Z Test value. Formula __ _ Z = / N Data.Sample Test Mean = 30 Population Mean = 25 (Industry Requirement) Population = 15 N = 10 __ Z = / N = 30-25 / 15 / 3. 16 = 15 / 4. 75 Z = 1. 58 Sample Test Mean = 30 Population Mean = 25 (Industry Requirement) Population = 15 N = 100 _ Z = / N = 30-25 / 15 / 10 = 5 / 1. 5 Z = 3. 33 Conclusion The conclusion the production manager can draw from the above measurement example (N=10 and N=100) is relative to the size of the sample used to determine whether or not the sample is representative of the overall faulty washing machine production in August.Had the production manager set the level of confidence at 0. 01 (99%) the Z test score needed in order to reject the null hypothesis that no differences exist in washing machine production is +1. 96. A Z test value for the 10 sample situation of +1. 58 does not meet or exceed the involve value of +1. 96. Therefore, the production manager concludes there is not statistically signif icant difference in the August faulty washing machine production rate for his/her plant and the overall faulty washing machine production rate of all plants.However, when the sample size is increased the resulting Z test value is extremely different. The 100 sample case, using the same values as in the 10 sample case, provides an entirely different scenario. By change magnitude the sample size tenfold the resulting Z test value is +3. 33. Obviously this numeric value cold exceeds the required +1. 96 value and the production manager can safely conclude that statistically significant differences exist between the faulty washing machine productions in the production managers plant compared to the average faulty washing machine production rate of all plants.The reason for the difference in Z test values in knowing that as sample size increases so does the Z test value. Although not shown in this example, but also extremely important, is in knowing that when the variance of the sample differs from the population variance there will exist a lower Z test value. In the 100 sample test, should the resulting Z test value not met the required 1. 96 value the production manager could have concluded that the faulty washing machine production rate of his/her plant meets the production rate of all other plants together for the month of August.As scientific research and applied statistics application are not equipped to lend explanation as to why no differences are determined the only conclusion to be drawn is that the lack of differences is a direct result of sample size and variance. Example Sample vs. Sample vs. Sample Formula __ __ Z = X1 X2 2(1/N + 1/N) Example Suppose the same product manager is interested in knowing if the number of faulty washing machines being produced in his/her plant in August is indicative of the number of faulty washing machines produced in a beside plant during the month of August.The product manager draws two samples one from his/her assemb ly line and one from the live plant a sample of 100 is drawn from both plants. _ Data Sample 1 N=100 X=30 _ Sample 2 N=100 X=25 = 15 (known or assumed) _ _ Z = X1 X2 2(1/N + 1/N) = 30 25 / (15)? (1/100 + 1/100) = 5 / v (225) (. 01 + . 01) = 5 / 4. 5 = 5 / 2. 12 = 2. 35 Conclusion On the basis of the Z test value above the production manager would have to conclude that there exists a statistically significant difference in the production rate of the two plants at the . 1 confidence level (99%) as the required critical value of 1. 96 was matched and exceeded. As such it can be stated that the two washing machine samples are not representative of each other and differences occur. Should the product manager double over the study and use only 10 washing machines per sample the resulting Z test value would be 1. 11 and the conclusion drawn would be that no statistically significant differences are present between the two groups and the population.Again this is an example of how sensi tive the Z test is to sample size. One must always keep in mind that re-testing a product or service with artificial conveyances (smaller sample size) in order to show that differences are not present is scientifically and professionally unacceptable. Research results must be allowed to fall wherein the statistical analysis places them. Doing otherwise is using the statistical process for reasons other than that which they were intended Drawing Conclusions from the Z Test.Business situations are not unlike any other professional situation, including the behavioral sciences, wherein the researcher or investigator is seeking information as to possible differences between samples or sample and the prevalent population. When business managers or psychologists at any level are interested in making comparisons between products and or function the best-fit statistical tool for large sample situations is the Z test. However, the statistical value is only as penny-pinching as the controls placed on it and at no time will the actual values give a reason as to why something has happened or why something has not.With regard to the utilization of the Z test in business decision-making the following rules are always to be remembered * Z Tests can be used to compare a sample to a population or sample to a sample for general population inference. * Z Tests are extremely susceptible to size of sample and variance and not profitable when population variance is unknown. * Z Tests work best with very large samples but not with small samples as the correction factor cannot accommodate for the error associated with small samples. Z Tests are natural introductions to t Tests. * Z Tests work with only one (1) dependent variable. * Z Tests cannot work with correlated data. * Z Tests do not permit the making of strong inferences about differences or effects of the testing instrument or situation. * Z Tests have a non-parametric counterpart wherein small samples can be used. t Test 1a. institution to Difference Testing. Difference testing is used primarily to identify if there is a detectable difference between products, services, people, or situations.These tests are often conducted in business situations to * Ensure a change in formulation or production introduces no significant change in the end product or service. * Substantiate a claim of a new or improved product or service * Confirm that a new ingredient/supplier does not affect the perceived attributes of the product or service. * Track changes during shelf-life of a product or the length of time of a service. Differences amid Two separatist Sample Means Coke vs. Pepsi. Let us again look at a business example wherein the case-by-case sample t-tests are sed to compare the means of two self-sufficiently sampled groups. Example do those drinking Coke differ on a performance variable (i. e. numbers of cans consumed in one week) compared to those drinking Pepsi. The individuals are randomly assigned to the Coke and Pepsi groups. With a confidence interval or ?. 05 (corresponding probability level of 95 %) the researcher concludes the two groups are significantly different in their means (average wasting disease rate of Coke and Pepsi over a one week period of time) if the t test value meets or exceeds the required value.If the t value does not meet the critical t value required then the research investigator simply concludes that no differences exist. Further explanation is not required. Presented below is a more useable situation. Example As a manager of production let us pretend you are wanting to determine whether or not work performance is significantly (statistically) different in a noise related production line vs. a non-noise related production line. Individual psychological disorder Production Non-Noise Production difference 1-2 38 32 6 2 10 16 -6 3 84 57 27 4 36 28 8 5 50 55 -5 6 35 12 23 7 73 61 12 8 48 29 19 Mean 46. 8 36. 2 10. 5 Standard dev 23 19 12 Varian ce 529 361 N = 16 Using the raw data and formula above to calculate the t test value the actual t test value, when calculated properly, is 2. 43. Always remember that S = Standard deviation and that the mean is often times shown by the capital letter M rather than a bar mark over a capital X.By overtaking to the appropriate t tables in your text book find the critical value for t at the . 05 confidence interval. The value you should find is 1. 761 Differences Between Two Means of Correlated Samples Red Bull vs. Power Drink. Again using a business example correlated t test statistical processes are used to determine whether or not there is a relationship of a particular measurement variable on a pre and post test basis. Often times when there exists a statistically significant relationship on a pre and post test basis the business manager can use the first measurement values to predict the second in future situations without having to present a post test situation.Example Using the same data presented above let us assume that there are not two independent groups but the same group under two different conditions noise production environment and non-noise production environment. Individual Noise Production Non-Noise Production difference 1-2 1 38 32 6 2 10 16 -6 3 84 57 27 4 36 28 8 5 50 55 -5 6 35 2 23 7 73 61 12 8 48 29 19 N = 8 The first step is to encipher the mean of the differences _ D = ? D N The second step is to square the differences (6)? + (-6)? + (27)? + (8)? + (5)? + (23)? + (12)? + (19)? The third step is to calculate the standard error of the difference SED = _ ?D D? / n -1 n The last step is to regard the t test value _ t = D / SED Using the raw data and formula above to calculate the t test value the actual t test value, when calculated properly, is 3. 087. By going to the appropriate t tables in your text book you can find the critical value to be, at the ? .05 confidence interval is 1. 895.The conclusion drawn is that the differences are statistically significantly different. When to Use Independent Mean or Correlated Sample Difference Testing. In research investigation situations the choice of using an independent sample t test of a correlated sample test is dependent upon whether or not the investigator is seeking to determine differences or relationships. In some situations the need to know whether or not a difference exists between two products or services is more important than knowing if there is a relationship between the two. For example take the consulting psychologist wants to know if training program A has let on success in training managers than training method B.The psychologist would select a sample of each training situations (generally 30) and test the success of each sample and compare the success of program A with program B. The results would embody if one training programs was better that the other. If, however, the psychologist was interested in determining how each program compared to the industry standard the programs would be compared, independently, to the population program mean. On the other hand should the consulting psychologist wants to determine whether or not a relationship exists, or predictability can be determine, from one program in two different situations or under two different situations a correlated t test is used.However, knowing the relationship in pre and post test situations are generally reserved for improvement situations. Drawing Conclusions for the t Test. Any conclusion drawn for the t test statistical is only as good as the research brain asked and the null hypothesis formulated. t tests are only used for two sample groups, either on a pre post-test basis or between two samples (independent or dependent). The t test is optimized to deal with small sample numbers which is often the case with behavioral scientists in any venue. When samples are excessively large the t test becomes difficult to manage due to the mathematical calculations in volved.

Christianity and Paganism in Beowulf Essay

The literature of a period is often regarded as the purest manifestation of the genial, political, and ethnic atmosphere of a particular era. At a crossroads, often than not, these works narrate the development of a culture besieged by freshly ideas and influences. Considered as the earliest extant poem in a modern European language, the Germanic epic entitled Beowulf is a clear example of how two struggle cultural ideologies are melded together to create a populations own unique social identity.Peppered with pagan images of magic and monsters, one(a) would almost straightaway assume that the poem was created as an account of endurance in the likes of Greek myths and epics, but it is easy to acknowledge that the over-arching motive that pushes the narrative is the relationship of the people with their new God, the Higher Being proclaimed by the burgeoning Christian religion. Taking this into account, one could easily characterize Beowulf as the product of folk Christianitythe reconciliation of the newfound religion of Christianity and traditional paganism, a melding that suited the culture of the Anglo-Saxon people.The sense of paganism in Beowulf heap be easily attributed to the prolific existence of otherworldly monsters and elfin events in the text. Revolving around the three monsters portrayed in the poemthe man-killing Grendel, the vengeful witch of the marsh that is his mother, and the firedrake that would be the catalyst to the endthese characters or images portray a Scandinavia that was overwhelmed by a wide troops of mythological creatures that wreck havoc in the small communities, a Scandinavia of pagan lore.But amidst this, a whizz called Beowulf would appear from the distance, a Christian savior of mankind, to expunge the lands of these vicious beasts. From this mere premise we immediately assume the tension that exists between the two different ideologies Beowulf exemplifies the new order of Scandinavian warriors, those that follow a ne w God but still abide by their traditional beliefs, while the monsters symbolize the havoc and destruction of paganism.Such dynamic was taken advantage of by an anonymous medieval monk who had shed the story of Beowulf on paper, showing the power of Christianity over paganism. An earlier example of a pagan freak and Christian heroism found in the text is Beowulfs battle with Grendel. The monster had been terrorizing the lands of Hrothgar, and news of this had deal out throughout the land. It is interesting to note that Grendel has been described as Conceived by a pair of those monsters born/ Of Cain, move outous creatures/ Banished by God, punished forever for the crime of Abels death (line 105-108). This portrayal of the Christianitys first murder pushes further the idea that those of the supernatural and pagan element are, as Grendel is shown, banished by God. Beowulf arrives at Hrothgars land, a warrior of epic capacity, and lends his service albeit for the price of wealth a nd fame. He destroys this monster with no weapon at hand, and gains the respect of the peopleclearly showing the power of Christianity over paganism. Another aspect of Christianity that is liberally address throughout the text is the concept of Christian fate.When our heroes talk of God, they do so in acknowledgement of His extensive power and dominion. Lines such as twas the judgment of God, Blessed God, and the mercy of God can be read throughout the text and shows how these characters entrust their life and fate to their newly found religion. Overall, Beowulf should be considered not as a pagan text but rather a Christian one because Christian values compose the backbone of the prose. Beowulf is essentially an insight into the history of a people who afford come to comfortably adapt to new ideas and beliefs through changing times.

Diffusion and Osmosis of Solutes and Water Across a Membrane

Diffusion and Osmosis of Solutes and Water Across a Membrane Brittany Bacallao Nova Southeastern University Abstract This sample gave a visual understanding of osmosis and diffusion. The initiatory experiment proved that solutes would move down a parsimoniousness incline if perme fitting to the selective tissue layer. The second experiment proved different solute densitys affect the movement of body of water, depending on the solute ducking inside the cellular ph integrity. The purpose of this lab was to look for different solutes that mickle cross an bionic membrane and to divulge the subject of different meannesss of sucrose on the mass of a potato cell.Results for Part adept suggested that the molecular burthen of albumin and stiffen was too large to way through the dialysis tube, hardly glucose and sodium convert molecules were small enough to pass through the dialysis tube. Also, a return in water weight occurred repayable the dialysis tube being placed in a hypertonic beginning. Results for Par Two showed the potato cell having a molar concentration of 0. 2734, which caused sucrose concentrations above 0. 2 M to wee a subside in mass. Inversely, sucrose concentrations below 0. 2 M caused an increase in mass.Diffusion is the random movement of molecules diffusion evenly into available space (Cain, Jackson, Minorsky, Reece, & Urry, 2011). Movement of water also follows a similar innovation, however, water can act as a shield for solutes and become unavailable to mobilise while in early(a) cases water is free and will move to an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration this processes is better known as osmosis (Keith, Messing, Schmitt, & Feingold, 2010). Osmosis and diffusion can occur along a permeable membrane or selective membrane.A cell with a selective membrane allows small molecules and ions to pass through yet excludes others also, substances that are able to pass through the membrane do so at different rates. On the other hand, permeable membranes allow nonpolar molecules, such as hydrophobic molecules (water fearing), to dissolve in the lipide bilayer, which allows the molecule to easily cross the membrane. However, molecules such as glucose can pass through the lipid bilayer, solely not as rapidly as nonpolar molecule (Cain et al. , 2011).Understanding the concept of osmosis helps explain why lakes cannot have an increase in salinity. If saltiness of a lake increases, species living in the lake could die. This occurs when the lake water becomes hypertonic resolve, which causes the animal cells to set down an excessive amount of water forcing the cell to shrivel up and die (Cain et al. , 2011). On the contrary, understanding the concept of diffusion can help explain why after spraying perfume in one area of the room, and so after several minutes, the perfume is smelled throughout the room.This is because particles of the perfume move randomly and in the end s pread out evenly throughout the room. Moreover, in the experiment performed, diffusion and osmosis was detect using artificial systems (plastic membranes) and potato cells. The zippo speculation for Part integrity of the experiment is that the concentration slope has no effect on the weight of the dialysis tube. The alternate hypothesis is that the weight of the dialysis tube will be affected by the concentration gradient.The null hypothesis for Part Two of the experiment is that the increase of sucrose concentration has no effect on the mass of the potato cell. The alternate hypothesis is that the difference in sucrose concentration will affect the mass of the potato cell. This experiment turn outs all hypotheses and helps to explain the concepts of diffusion and osmosis. Materials and Methods Part One Gloves were used to obtain a 20 cm section of dialysis tube that had soaked in a beaker of distilled water prior to the experiment. The dialysis tube was cleaned with distilled water and then fasten off to form a stick out.Once the pouch was formed, 3 mL of starch and sodium sulfate solution was placed inside the tube, and then tied off and weighed. The weight obtained was recorded as sign weight. While weighing the dialysis tube with the solution of starch and sodium sulfate, eight test tubes were obtained and solution of starch/sodium sulfate was added to 2 test tubes designate dish antenna start (Keith et al. , 2010). After weighing dialysis tubing of starch/sodium sulfate and adding the solution to two test tubes, the tubing was placed in a beaker containing a solution of albumin and glucose.Next, 1. 0 mL of albumin and glucose were then placed in two test tubes labeled solution start. The tubing in the albumin/glucose solution was kept inside the solution for 75 minutes. Every 15 minutes the solution and tube was mixed (Keith et al. , 2010). At the end of the 75 minutes, two 1. 0 mL samples of the albumin/glucose solution from the beaker were ad ded to two test tubes labeled solution end. Then, the dialysis tube was removed from the beaker and rinsed off with distilled water. Once the tubing was rinsed and blotted run dry the final water weight was recorded.After measuring the final water weight, the contents in the tubing was dumped into a beaker and 1. 0 mL of starch/sodium sulfate solution was added to two test tubes labeled base of operations end (Keith et al. , 2010). In order to test for glucose, a glucose dip and read teddy was placed in the first set of test tubes that were labeled bag start, solution start, bag end, and solution end. Then, a protein dip-and-read strip was placed in the same set of test tubes and the results were recorded from both glucose and protein strips.After testing for protein, solution and bag samples were tested for sodium sulfate. To test for sodium sulfate, three drops of 2% barium chloride were added to the second set of test tubes labeled bag start, solution start, bag end, and solut ion end. The results were observed and then recorded (Keith et al. , 2010). To see if starch was flummox in the solutions, iodine solution was added to the first set of test tubes that were used for the glucose and protein strips. Results were then observed and recorded (Keith et al. , 2010). Part two Seven beakers were obtained. 0 mL of solution labeled 0. 2 M sucrose, 0. 4 M sucrose, 0. 6 M sucrose, 0. 8 M sucrose, 1 M sucrose, distilled water, and unknown were each placed in different beakers. Then, a potato was sliced into 28 cylinders using a bottle cork borer. The cylinders were separated into seven sort outs of four and then placed under a paper towel until the group was ready to weigh the potato cylinders. Once prepared to weigh the cylinders, the weight of each group of cylinders was recorded. cardinal cylinders were placed into each beaker and sat for an hour (Keith et al. , 2010).After the beakers sat for an hour at room temperature, the potato cylinders were then rem oved and blotted dry. terminal weight was recorded for each group of potato cylinders. To calculate the percentage diverseness, the side by side(p) equation was used (Keith et al. , 2010) pct change =Ending mass-Starting massStarting mass? 100% Results Part One Results for the first experiment revealed certain molecular weights were unable to pass through the selectively permeable membrane. Table 1 shows that albumin (protein) and starch were unable to pass through the selective membrane.Albumins molecular weight was nearly 64,000 Daltons and starchs molecular weight was great than 100,000 Daltons these results were already known. Initially, glucose was present outside of the dialysis tube but in final results glucose was found in the final bag and final solution. On the contrary, sodium sulfate was initially present inside the dialysis tube but in the final results only, sulfate ion was found in the final solution. The last result was the change in water weight. Water had decr eased from the initial weight. The following(a) results are shown in Table 1.Table 1 Diffusion of solutes through an artificial membrane after 75 minutes. Glucose sulphate ion Protein Starch Water weight (g) Inside bag Initial - + - + 16. 59 g Final + - - + 16. 05 g Outside bag Initial + + +++ - Final + + +++ - Part Two In the second experiment results showed different concentrations of sucrose affected the potatoes mass. In the beakers containing 0. 0 M (distilled water) and 0. 2 M concentration of sucrose resulted in water entering the potato cell, which caused the cell to increase in mass.The beakers containing 0. 4 M, 0. 6 M, 0. 8 M, and 1 M of sucrose concentration had the opposite effect on the potatoes mass. Therefore, the higher the concentration was the great amount of water left, causing the cell to decrease in mass. Also, the unknown concentration was found to be 0. 5 M of sucrose, which caused the mass in the potato cells to decrease as a result of water leaving the cell. The following information is displayed in Table 2. Table 2 Percent change in mass of potato cells after being placed in different sucrose concentrations, also the differences in initial and final mass.Contents in beaker Initial mass Final mass Mass difference % modify in mass a. Distilled Water 0. 82 0. 92 0. 1 12. 20% b. 0. 2 M sucrose 0. 65 0. 69 0. 04 6. 20% c. 0. 4 M Sucrose 0. 62 0. 56 -0. 06 -9. 70% d. 0. 6 M Sucrose 0. 69 0. 58 -0. 1 -15. 90% e. 0. 8 M Sucrose 0. 61 0. 48 -0. 13 -21. 30% f. 1 M Sucrose 0. 74 0. 57 -0. 17 -23% g. stranger 0. 77 0. 7 -0. 07 -9. 10% The molar concentration of the potato cell was found to be 0. 2734 M. The molecular weight was found by looking for the x-intercept on the graph below (Figure 2. . Figure 2 Percent change in mass of potato cells put in different concentrations of sucrose. Discussion Part One of the experiment indicated that the dialysis tube was selectively permeable and only molecular weight fewer than 64,000 Da ltons were able to pass through the membrane. This explains why albumin and starch were unable to pass through the membrane because their molecules were too large. Conversely, glucose was able to pass through the selectively permeable membrane callable to its relatively small molecular weight.However, because glucose was present in both the final bag and final solution this meant that glucose had evenly distributed its molecules by complying with the concept of diffusion. Sulfate ions present outside the dialysis tube in the final results show that sulfate ions were also able to diffuse through the selective membrane into the final solution. A decrease in water weight from initial weight shows that the dialysis tube was placed in a hypertonic solution causing more of the inside solution to diffuse to the outside leading to a decrease in the final weight of the bag.The null hypothesis is rejected in Part One of the experiment because the concentration gradient did affect the weight of the dialysis tube. This is due to the fact that sodium sulfate completely left the bag, thus causing the bag to decrease in weight. The reason why sodium sulfate left is because there was no sodium sulfate in the solution therefore, molecules went to an area of lower concentration. The alternate hypothesis is not rejected because the concentration gradient did affect the weight of the dialysis tube.This is proven by a decrease in initial weight due to sodium sulfate leaving the tube. Part Two of the experiment showed that the potato cells had some kind of change in their mass after being placed in different sucrose concentrations. The change in mass occurred because water either left the cell or entered the cell depending on the sucrose concentration. This explains why distilled water had the greatest increase in mass, because water wanted to go to an area (potato cell) of higher concentration from an area of low concentration.On the other hand, 1 M of sucrose concentration had t he greatest decrease in mass because water wanted to leave the cell to move to an area of higher concentration. Therefore, if the concentration was greater than the molar concentration of the potato cell than water left the cell at a hurried rate. The null hypothesis for Part Two of the experiment proved to be wrong because an increase in sucrose concentration did have an affect on the change in mass of the potato cell.Increased sucrose concentration changed the mass of the cell because the concentration was higher than the molar concentration of the potato cell. Thus, the alternate hypothesis is proven correct. The difference in sucrose concentration will affect the mass of the potato cell. References Cain, M. L. , Jackson, R. B. , Minorsky, P. V. , Reece, J. B. , & Urry, L. A. (2011). biological science (9th Edition ed. ). San Francisco Pearson Education, Inc. Keith, E. , Messing, C,. Schmitt, E. , Feingold, J. (2010). Laboratory Exercises in Biology (3rd ed. ). Dubuque, IA Kend all Hunt Publishing Company.

Water analysis

Students ar demonstrateed for their knowledge of base titration technique and proper manipulation of specialized- single- rankd function investigations (those utilize for conduction, alkalinity, and pH, chloride, nitrate and ruggedness detection) on lad Pro software. The purpose of this comprehensive lab is to steady down the chemical properties of public drinking irrigate found at intravenous feeding specific locations in the Toledo Ohio area.Students test the various repertories of this drinking weewee by subjecting it to the following(a) tests pH tests, conduction tests, arrive and phenolphthalein alkalinity tests, full(a) to a great extentness, chloride tests, and nitrates tests. With remark to the information collected In this lab, students also use conversion factors to picture the parts per million. Following directions guardedly and prudently Is crucial for the success of the prove and as well to the fact that the examination will be finished during th e lab period.Tests like these are perform daily by industrial water discussion plant in order to ensure the Toledo such the EPA to report its findings within a written deadline. evidently reports of water quality that are not up to the governments standards, ( each(prenominal) of the standards will be listed at a after voice in the report) will be subjected to further testing and isolated from public access until the standards are met.This lab mimics the daily routines of engaged chemists at these facilities on a smaller scale. Students that chose to enter such handicraft will be held responsible for development the techniques learned in this lab. Safety Information Most of the chemicals employ in this lab are dangerous. Avoid bodily contact, ingestion or any type of spills. involve that all of the reagents used in the lab are poisonous.Rinse the pH probe thoroughly with distilled water. bum the probe into a small beaker that contains atomic number 53 of the two normaliza tion yellowish brown events. B. Choose Experiment, Calibrate , and select the sensor Setup tab. With the button for Port 1 (or Channel CHI) depressed, confirm or choose the Sensor pH probe and standardisation PH. Select the Calibrate tab and click on Calibrate Now. C. Gently gallop the buffer with the pH probe. When the voltage reading of the pH probe is s remit. Enter the pH treasure of the buffer solution (read off of the bottle of buffer solution) to the nearest 0. 01 intoValue 1 and press Keep. D. Rinse the probe with Del water and then place it in a small beaker that contains the second calibration solution. When the reading is stable, enter the pH mensurate of the buffer solution to the nearest 0. 01 into Value 2 and press Keep. Press K to instal the calibration. E. Check that the calibration worked by placing the probe back into the buffer solution. If the displayed value does not fit out the value of the buffer, exit out of Logger and reopen the window. The display ed probe in pH 7 buffer until it is later unavoidable. 4. ) chance a suitable size of model to determine the PH. Ml is suitable for this experiment. Measure this tote up of model using a graduated cylinder. Transfer the render in any case ml glass beaker. 5. ) flummox the pH probe into the beaker containing the hear. Record the pH of the type on your Data sheet. 6. ) Rinse the probe with Del water and dry it. Immediately place the probe back into the pH buffer. conduction Test 1 . ) The experiment should already be open on the laptop. If not, select the Expo. 14 conduction icon that is on the desktop. 2. ) repeat check that the switch box is set to 0-Phipps/CM. This corresponds to 0-magma/L TTS (Total Dissolved Solids).If necessary, you may change this setting to match your samples value. A high range standard is available if needed. 3. ) Calibrate the conductivity probe using a two- point calibration. Use the low-and mid-range solutions to perform the calibrations. A. Initiate the calibration procedure in the software b. induct the Conductivity Probe into a standard solution with a low conductivity value (this should be amongst O IPPP/CM or O- MGM/L TTS Say 1 moms/CM). Be sure the integral drawn-out hole with the electrode surfaces is submerged in the solution ND that there are no air bubbles along the electrode surface.Wait for the displayed voltage to stabilize. C. Enter the value of the standard solution in the appropriately chosen units. D. Repeat the calibration using the medium conductivity (this is between O Phipps Say mass/CM) 4. ) Analyze the samples conductivity a. utilize a rinsed ml graduated cylinder, measure ml of the sample. B. Transfer this amount to anther clean and dry beaker. C. Place the probe into the beaker containing the sample. D. Wait for the reading to stabilize. Record the conductivity on your data sheet. E. Convert the reading into MGM/L and procurer. Source Conductivity Probe, Fernier Software and Technology via their website www. Fernier. Com/support/manuals/) Total and Phenolphthalein Alkalinity Tests 1 . ) Measure 50 ml of your sample in a graduated cylinder. Transfer the sample into a mall volumetric flask. 2. ) minimal brain dysfunction terzetto to five drops of phenolphthalein solution to you sample. 3. ) Set up a titration apparatus (where the clean burette is clamped also ring stand). 4. ) Obtain about mall of sulfuric vitriolic (HASPS) into a larger beaker. 5. ) Full the burette with HASPS up until a point above the calibration mark (Mol).Place a waste beaker under the burette. centripetal the stopcock and release the re principal(prenominal)ing HASPS to get rid of air bubbles. 6. ) Record the exact concentration of the HASPS into your data sheet. Record the initial burette reading to the nearest 0. 01 ml. Replace the waste beaker with the flask containing the sample. 7. ) Titrate the sample too color slight outcome. The solution will be barely pink full before the term ination of the solution. Add a few drops of 10% tessellate solution to the sample (do this precisely before the endpoint of your titration ) Record the final volume of the HASPS used. A.Use the mixed power brochures spirt/methyl red) this sample should be green at the beginning and the endpoint should be a yellow-straw color. B. If needed, refill the burette with more HASPS. Record the initial value into your data table. exemplification will become colorless and then the next drop should limit you the straw color. 8. ) Record the phenolphthalein alkalinity and perfect alkalinity in militarily and ply. Total callosity Test 1 . ) Obtain ml of your water sample measured on a graduated cylinder. Transfer the sample too mall volumetric flask. 2. ) Add one scoop of Universe indicator to your sample.The color of the solution should be reddish pink. 3. ) Obtain bout mall of doing. Record the concentration of your iterant. 4. ) Set up a equal titration thingy. Rinse a burette with Del and then with DEED. 5. ) Fill the burette with DEED up until the calibration mark. Place the waste beaker under the burette. Open the stopcock to remove air bubbles. Record the initial volume of DEED on your data sheet to the nearest 0. 01 ml. 6. ) Titrate the sample until the color of the solution changes to light blue. 7. ) field of study the nitty-gritty callosity in militarily and securer. (Other Sources Water Chemistry, ANAL ERROR, Kippering, Edith.CHEMICAL Lab Manual. 2013-2014) Results pH and POOH values per for separately one sample tested Total alkalinity and phenolphthalein alkalinity Carbonate, Hydroxide, or hydrogen carbonate alkalinity puzzle? Carbonate, Hydroxide, and or Bicarbonate alkalinity Total stiffness and Non-Carbonate hardness of severally sample Nitrates/Chlorides usher in Conductivity tests per each sample Sample Calculation used in Sample 4 pH Value collected from pH probe 6. 42 pH H+ = (1. Owe-14)/ (3. 8+7) = 2. 6+8 M POOH = -logOH- = -log(2. E-8) = 7. 58 Total alkalinity When a 100. 0 ml sample is titrated with 0. 010 M HCI, 0. ml acid is the equivalent of 1. 0 pimp cacao tree ( persistentce). Total Volume of acid titrated (for both phenolphthalein and brochures green methyl red indicators) 5. 21 ml 0. Ml acid/l . 0 pimp Cacao -? 5. 21 ml acid/ x pimp Cacao 52. 1 pimp cacao Phenolphthalein alkalinity * callable to a shortage in the amount of sample available for immediate testing only ml was used for the titration using phenolphthalein indicator. The calculations below are doubled in order to cover for variables used in the proportion) * of 1. 0 pimp Cacao (source). Volume of acid titrated 1. 51 ml 2(o. Ml pimp cacao) = 2(1. 51 ml acid)/xx 5. pimp cacao Carbonate Alkalinity Present? Carbonate alkalinity is present when phenolphthalein alkalinity is not zero, but is less than half of the thoroughgoing alkalinity (source). Half of Total alkalinity = 15. 1/2 = 26. 05 pimp cacaos o 15. 1 pimp cacaos 26. 05 pimp cacao Ye s carbonate alkalinity is present because the phenolphthalein value (15. 1 pimp Cacao) is a nonzero number that is less than half of the total alkalinity of the sample (26. 05 pimp Cacao). Carbonate Alkalinity Carbonate alkalinity = 2 (phenolphthalein alkalinity) = 2(15. 1) pimp (CO)2- = 30. 2 pimp (cacao)2- Anton Hydroxide Alkalinity Present?Hydroxide alkalinity is present if phenolphthalein alkalinity is more than half of the total alkalinity. 15. 1 pimp cacaos 226. 05 pimp cacaos This statement is false thereby proving that no hydroxide alkalinity is present in this sample of water. Hydroxide alkalinity N/A Bicarbonate Alkalinity Present? Bicarbonate alkalinity is present if phenolphthalein is less than half of the total alkalinity (source). 15. 1 pimp Cacao 26. 05 pimp Cacao Yes hydrogen carbonate alkalinity is present in this sample because the phenolphthalein alkalinity value (15. 1 pimp Cacao) is less than half of the total alkalinity of the sample 26. 5 pimp Cacao). Bicarbon ate Alkalinity Bicarbonate Alkalinity = T-UP = 21. 9 pimp HCI- Total stiffness of Sample When a 100. 0 ml sample is titrated with 0. MM DEED, 0. 10 ml of DEED is the equivalent of 1. 0 pimp Cacao (Kippering, Lab Manual). *Due too shortage in the amount of sample available for immediate testing only ml was used for the titration using phenolphthalein indicator. The calculations below are doubled in order to compensate for variables used in the proportion) * Volume of DEED titrated 5. 25 ml 2(0. 1 ml pimp cacao) = 2(5. 25 ml DEED)/XX pimp cacao x = 52. 5 pimpNon-Carbonate hardness of the Sample This is the difference between the Total Hardness and the Total Alkalinity (52. 5 pimp cacao) (52. 1 pimp cacao) = 0. 4 pimp cacao Observations each(prenominal) of the quaternity samples collected were visually similar. Each were colorless, and mostly free of suspended particles. None exhibited any odors. The test through with(p) on sample 4 for hardness were dissimilar to the tests done o n the previous samples because it form an orangeness complex with the Universe indicator rather than the more commonly found red color. This may bewilder been due to improper cleaning of glassware.The phenolphthalein alkalinity test done for sample 3 was peculiar in that admittance of large amounts of iterant did not produce a visible endpoint. Upon further investigative assistance from the TA it was substantiate that the water sample was already at its most acidic state recognizable by the phenolphthalein indicator. countersign The purpose of this lab was to simulate the government-run procedures done to analyze public drinking water, an important event that is mandated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Understanding the underlying methods for success at these serial of experiments is what the main melodic theme is.The serial publication requires students to recall and implement various laboratory techniques in order to process the sample of water. It is a compr ehensive review on the following using computer software such as Logger Pro, calibration technique using various specific probes, titration, spirit the raw materials of geochemistry in chemical expressions, understanding the effects of pH on solutions, and overall safety awareness. Chemists use these techniques to tackle more complex problems. For now, the simpler chance on experiments listed above are up for discussion. The first experiment done was the total hardness test.This involves the iterant, DEED which forms a dark red complex with the indicator Universe. Adding this iterant to the sample-indicator mixture causes the red color to fade. This is the issuing of the unknown coat action in the sample reacting with the DEED and getting rid of the red complex formed. then the solution color turns blue, which signals the student that the endpoint has been reached. Essentially the amount of DEED titrated determines the amount of unknown alloy present in the sample. These meta ls are Ca+ and Approximation of the specific action present is heavily reliant upon the pH of the ample water.If the pH is above 12, then only the Ca+ action can be detected. The total hardness of sample 1 was reported at 119. 9 pimp Cacao. The extent to how hard the water is, is denoted by a scale of water hardness. The scale used here was taken from the Fairfax County Water Authority, a water treatment facility. It states that soft water has less than 17. 1 pimp of metal particles, slightly hard water has 17. 1 60 pimp metal particles, hard water has 120-180 pimp metal particles, and precise hard water has over 180 pimp metal ions present (Explanation of Water Hardness, www. Face. G The water in sample 1 is therefore moderately hard to hard. Sample 2, 3, and 4 contain slightly hard water. In addition the Non- carbonate hardness was also calculated. The results from both the total and non-carbonate hardness tests for each sample are shown in the graph titled, Total Hardness and N on-carbonate Hardness of each sample. The non-carbonate hardness tests accounts for different anions other than the carbonates that may be responsible the presence of dissolved salts in drinking water. Such anions include certain types of sulfates, chlorides, and nitrates (Kippering, Lab Manual).The non-carbonate hardness of each sample cannot be situated until a full assessment of the total alkalinity of each sample is done. Thus these calculations are held for the third section of this paper. The EPA does not defy a standard or hardness of water. In fact, the National Research Council states that hard drinking water generally contributes a small amount of calcium and magnesium human dietary needs (Explanation of Water Hardness, www. Face. Org). How can we tell what ions are present in each sample? This is entirely dependent on the relative pH of the samples which is discussed in the next section.Determining the pH of all quatern samples is a simple procedure. As long as the pH probe is calibrated using the correct buffers each determination should give an accurate result. PH is a measure of the concentration of protons (H+) in a sample. Solutions containing large exponentially small concentration of hydrogen ion give a large value pH and the opposite is true for higher concentrations. This phenomenon occurs because metre of pH is measured on a logarithmic scale. The pH values given by the computer can be converted into hydrogen ion concentrations by taking the negative log of the pH of the sample.Chemists use the ion- product of water theory to convert hydrogen ion concentration to hydroxide ion (OH-) concentration. Simple use the equation K = HUH+ *H+ and HUH+ can be used interchangeably Using these equations students can effortlessly convert the pH of their samples into their corresponding hydroxide concentrations as noted in the graph titled, pH and POOH values per each sample tested, The pH of sample 1 is 5. 5, which is highly acidic. Sample 2 has a pH of 6. 02. Sample 3 has a pH of 6. 49, whereas sample 4 has a pH of 6. 42 all of the samples tested here contained slightly acidic eater.The EPA does not take in a standard for pH because it is considered a secondary drinking water contaminant, which is aesthetic (pH, www. Odd. Ohio. Gob). Although the EPA does not regulate this airscrew of water, the Ohio Department of Health does provide additional causes and effects of unnatural pH levels. They claim that the our water, the soil musical theme that the surface water runs though and a host of others (pH, www. Odd. Ohio. Gob). These causes are most relevant as they have a direct impact on the quality of our drinking water, which comes primarily from surface water.As a result from continued use of basic water (pH above 7) people report bitter tasting water, and buildup of minerals in plumbing (pH, www. Odd. Ohio. Gob). As a result from continued use of acidic water, residents will have sour tasting water, and metallic staining (pH, www. Odd. Ohio. Gob). Extreme cases will undoubtedly cause bodily harm Just as the reagent used in lab. As stated earlier, both calcium and magnesium ions can be detected in samples at a pH lower than 12. Since all of the tested sample have lower pH values, we can conclude that there are both calcium and magnesium ions present.The following experiment tested each sample for total and phenolphthalein alkalinity. Alkalinity is a measure f the amount of basic ions in a sample (Kippering, Lab Manual). The procedure for alkalinity is titration. Students find the phenolphthalein alkalinity first by titrating the sample with the phenolphthalein indicator to a clear endpoint and recording the amount of iterant (HCI) used. A second indicator, (brochures green methyl red) is added to the sample and further titrated to a straw yellow color. Students use the amount of HCI added in the first titration to calculate the phenolphthalein alkalinity.Then they use the total amount of HCI titrated to calculate the total alkalinity. The following expression was used to calculate all of the entries for total and phenolphthalein alkalinity when a 100. 0 ml sample is titrated with 0. 010 M HCI, 0. 10 ml acid is the equivalent of 1. 0 pimp Cacao (Kippering, Lab Manual). Each calculation can be seen in the graphs titled, Total alkalinity and Phenolphthalein alkalinity. entirely of the measurements are calculated in pimp Cacao. Sample 1 produced a phenolphthalein alkalinity of pimp Cacao and a total alkalinity of 181 pimp Cacao.Sample 2 reduced a phenolphthalein alkalinity of O pimp Cacao and a total alkalinity of 18. 9 pimp Cacao Sample three gave a phenolphthalein alkalinity of 10 pimp Cacao and a total alkalinity of 54 pimp Cacao. Lastly Sample 4 gave a phenolphthalein alkalinity of 15. 1 pimp Cacao and a total alkalinity of 52. 1 pimp Cacao. In addition to these two measurements, students were also required to calculate the carbonate, hydroxide, and bicarbonate alkalinity if a t all present in the samples. The results table for these variables are found under the table titled, Carbonate, Hydroxide, or Bicarbonate alkalinity present?If the samples met a certain criteria, then they tested positive for the three realizable alkalinitys. Students could then use the three equations listed in their procedure and calculations sheet to calculate the alkalinity of the corresponding anion present. A turn off can be note in the tables above. Samples that had no hydroxide alkalinity tested positive for carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinity respectively. Samples 3 and 4 both shared carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinity. Thus sources of carbonate solids are the main contributors to their alkalinity. Sample 1 is the only one that is positive for hydroxide alkalinity.Thus salts of hydroxide must be the main contributor to its alkalinity. PH and alkalinity are treated similarly by the EPA, as they are both regarded as secondary standards. They are not regulated. In general alkalinity is treated much the same as basic solutions are. Total alkalinity is needed to calculate the non-carbonate hardness. Now the values for total alkalinity done. Students simply subtract the total hardness by the total alkalinity. The values given show the amount of dissolved solids that are not carbonates (such as sulfate, nitrate and chloride salts). The last three tests are the most simple.They involve the usage of specific probes Just as in the experiment for pH determination. The next experiment tested the conductivity of the four samples. Conductivity is a measurement of electrical activity in a sample. After proper calibration of the software, students place the conductivity probe into the sample and enter the value on the data sheet. The standard value of water conductivity is given in as/CM. All of the entries for the four samples are located under the table titled, Conductivity tests per each sample, Distilled water has a conductivity of about 0. as/CM to 3 as/CM whereas many rivers along the U. S. Have conductivities as large as 50 to 1500 as/CM (Conductivity, water. EPA. Gob). The results from the four samples tested show that the drinking water in the Toledo area is much similar to that of the water in all of the U. S. Waterways. The high voltage could be due to the dense population of dissolved ions present in each sample. Such quantities could produce a small electrical gradient. The very last two experiments were Just like the last experiment. This cadence students tested their sample for nitrates and chlorides present.A nitrate-specific probe was seed for the nitrate analysis and the chloride specific probe was used or the chloride analysis. After properly calibrating the probes, students engaged the probes into each sample at a time and collected the data displayed on the computer. The entries for these two experiments are located below the table titled, Nitrates/Chlorides present. Each value is expressed using the standard units o f MGM/L. According to the Ohio EPA, the standard amount or nitrates in public water is MGM/L (Water Quality Standards Program, www. EPA. Tate. Oh. Us). A value higher than this standard violates he sanctions set fore by the EPA and leads to further investigation of the problematic water. Each of the four samples had a value much less than the standard, proving that the public drinking water from the Toledo are is partially free from nitrates. Why are nitrates so distressing? We must look way back to the original source of our drinking water- surface water. Surface waters from rivers and lakes can easily become tainted with contaminants such as pesticides, wastes, and fertilizers (rich in nitrates).Although presence of nitrate to us may not be a bad thing to us, it most certainly is to the environment. Sudden cast up in such nutrient bound runoff causes extreme algal blooms consume large amounts of oxygen in the water. This in turn suffocates aquatic organisms. And pesticide in o ur drinking water obviously poses as a health concern. The maximum amount of chloride allowed in public drinking water is OMG/L according to the coupled States EPA (Basic Information about Disinfectants in Drinking Water Chlorine, Chlorine and Chlorine Dioxide,water. Pa. Gob). All four samples abide by this regulatory standard. If the opposite had occurred the government would shut off the publics access to this eater. The chloride ion is very reactive, so in nature it is usually found attached to a group IA or AAA metal or to itself. By itself it can become dangerous. Error Analysis The probability of human error for this series of experiment is multiplied due to Mistakes were undoubtedly made solutions were over-titrated, and probes were used that were not calibrated properly.One such representative of human error is the source of the large difference between sample Xis total alkalinity compared to the other three samples. This is a sign that a student over-titrated the solution. This exults in a volume of hydrochloric acid titrated that is larger than the existent value needed. Thus alkalinity value is higher because the calculation shows that a larger amount of acid was needed to neutralize the water sample. It gives the false impression that the sample was very alkaline/basic to begin with.To fix this, students should add iterant by the ml until resistance to color change takes longer, then add drop wise. Calibration of the probes was always an issue. Although the samples tested positive for the standards governed by the Environmental Protection agency, the results from the conductivity tests were a little high. Thus to FL this problem, he probes must be properly calibrate. To properly calibrate a probe means to immerse he sensitive head into the solution (so the small white dot is Just below the limpid surface) and enter the value of the corresponding standard into the computer.The one step that catches mot students is the waiting time. Impatience lea d to improper calibration. Cross contamination of the probes by dipping them in the samples without cleaning them with denizen water and wiping them off with a clean towel could also have adversely affected the results from the experiment. Misinterpreting he values displayed on measurement instruments such as the graduated cylinder and the values on the computer could have led to dire error. Misuse of significant figures was a drawback caused by both the student and the computer.This applies mostly to the calculation of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions from pH values. The computer at lab showed pH values using both two one and two significant figures. Constant rounding up of number during calculations ay have alter the actual value of the hydroxide concentration slightly. Conclusion The purpose of this series of experiment was to provide students a real-life application of or so all of the techniques they have learned in their first year of general chemistry lab.The concept of the entire procedure was to show student how certain chemical species (like dissolved actions, anion, and organisms perhaps) interact in aqueous solution. The results from the series of experiments show that the various techniques used in college lab are similar to the ones used by employed chemists in water treatment plant. Wheres the proof? Well by looking at the results from this lab and comparing them to the standards produced by the Environmental Protection Agency, one could say that they are quite similar.